Environmental Exposure
Chemical contaminants from agricultural, industrial, and military sources represent a significant risk for the development and potential exacerbation of a range of neurological conditions. Exposure disproportionately impacts underserved communities, leading to higher health risks.
Tools: Clinical evaluation
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Tools » Clinical Evaluation
There are no biomonitoring tools exclusively designed for movement disorders, but you can pair results from MDS clinical outcome assessments with other clinical scales designed to evaluate toxin exposure. Analysis of blood, hair, urine, and nails can also provide further data on exposure levels to pesticides and other pollutants that have been linked to Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders.
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Learn more » About Toxins' Link to Disease
Resources about the prevalence of and challenges associated with toxic exposure.
- Chemical exposures and Parkinson's disease: A population-based case–control study*
- Dry-Cleaning Chemicals and a Cluster of Parkinson's Disease and Cancer: A Retrospective Investigation
- Environmental Risk Factors for Parkinson's Disease: A Critical Review and Policy Implications
- Trichloroethylene: An Invisible Cause of Parkinson's Disease?
Occupational Exposure Risks
Military
Farming and Agriculture
- High Pesticide Exposure Events and Dream-Enacting Behaviors Among US Farmers*
- The relation between type of farming and prevalence of Parkinson's disease among agricultural workers in five French districts*
- Pesticide use in agriculture and Parkinson's disease in the AGRICAN cohort study
- Pesticide use and incident Parkinson's disease in a cohort of farmers and their spouses**
- Pesticides expenditures by farming type and incidence of Parkinson disease in farmers: A French nationwide study**
* Article is free for MDS Members (No-fee membership available for residents of low-income countries and trainees) / ** Article access managed by an external organization
Related Topics
Exploitation of areas with a Lack of Resources or low Socioeconomic Status can often lead to a higher prevalance of toxins and exposure.
More Resources for Underserved Categories
Areas
- Lack of Resources
- Provider Shortages
- Environmental Exposure
- Geographic Barriers
- Dense Areas: Infection Spread
Populations
- Socioeconomic Status
- Gender / Sex / Orientation
- Race / Ethnicity
- Stigma
- Low Literacy
- Genetic Disparities
- Beliefs
- Rare and Understudied Diseases
Suggest a resource
Suggest additional resources for professionals working with underserved areas or populations.